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SONET Basics
SONET is the abbreviated term for Synchronous Optical NETwork.
SONET circuits work as a reliable fiber optic backbone for large networks with large IP bandwidth needs. VoIP, Video Conferencing, Internet, and voice applications over WAN, MAN, and Rings.
SONET requires low maintenance, but can take longer to upgrade than Gigabit Ethernet when increasing network size. This all depends on the pre design of the network architecture. Design is essential to a redundant and expandable network.
A SONET line is most often made up of what is called a "SONET ring" to maintain it's redundancy.
A common method of back up used with SONET rings is called a "bi-directional ring topology." This bi-directional ring is a physical topology which deploys two sets of fiber strands. The ring is a physical fiber ring more resembling an oval shaped loop.
The first strand of fiber is for sending and receiving data and voice. The second strand reroutes traffic from the original SONET transmission in another direction should the first strand break or malfunction.
The primary function is to take , synchronize , and transport data, video, and voice reliable speeds. Common sources of this data include ATM and relay switches, T1 and T3 multiplexers, and large IP networks.
STS is the abbreviated term standing for Synchronous Transport Signal. STS and SONET OCs' carry the same electrical equivalent.
STS is an optical carrier frame consisting of the following characteristics:
SPE (Synchronous Payload Envelope), SOH (Section Overhead), POH (Path Overhead), and LOH (Line Overhead).
SPE is the electronic envelope that carries the data over the SONET otherwise known as the Payload.
SOH maintains all the links within SONET while relaying line status to the end user. The information within SOH includes the status of transported data, the notification of messages, as well as alarm levels.
POH is responsible for the functionality of the data envelope in SONET while in transit. Such functionality includes vital information for the management of end-to-end networks. POH travels within the data envelope until the data is demultiplexed through multiplexing equipment.
LOH controls the reliable transit of the data over a SONET line.
LOH and SOH combined on a synchronous optical network create what is referred to as TOH (Transport Overhead). TOH is one of the elements responsible for signaling and control over SONET lines.
1. Photonic Layer - This layer converts transmitted electrical signals that usually travel via copper into optical signals then transfers them back into electrical signals at the end of the transmission.
2. Section Layer - This layer monitors the condition and progress of signal in route to and from signal amplifiers and applied hardware.
3. Line Layer - This layer monitors and provides administration of multiplexers as well as provides synchronization of multiple signals. Through this synchronization, all the signals are put into one stream of traffic for high speed transfer.
4. Path Layer - Assembles and disassembles transmitted data and voice into frames.
SONET
OC-n MegaBit/Gigabit
OC1 51.84
Mbps
OC3 155.52
Mbps
OC9 466.56
Mbps
OC12 622.08
Mbps
OC18 933.12
Mbps
OC24 1.244
Gbps
OC36 1.9
Gbps
OC48 2.488
Gbps
OC96 5
Gbps
OC192 10
Gbps
OC256 13.271
Gbps
OC768 40
Gbps
Useful Related Sources:
SONET.com
SONET tutorials
DWDM, optical networking,turning up and troubleshooting.